1. Temperature Sensing and Measurement:

• Precision Thermometers: Due to their high sensitivity, NTC thermistors are used in digital thermometers for accurate temperature readings in medical, industrial, and environmental applications.
   
• Temperature Probes: Encapsulated NTC thermistors are used in probes for measuring the temperature of liquids, gases, and surfaces in various scientific and industrial processes.
• Automotive Temperature Sensors: Used to measure engine coolant temperature, intake air temperature, oil temperature, and cabin temperature for engine control and climate control systems.
   
• HVAC Systems: Employed in air conditioners, refrigerators, and ovens for precise temperature control and monitoring.
   
• Medical Devices: Used in catheters, blood temperature monitors, and glucose monitors for accurate temperature sensing in medical procedures and devices.
   
• Food Processing: Monitoring and controlling temperatures in food storage, cooking, and processing equipment.
   
• Environmental Monitoring: Measuring air and water temperatures in weather stations and environmental research.
   
• Smart Devices and IoT Products: Integrated into home automation systems and other IoT devices for temperature monitoring and control.
   

2. Temperature Compensation:

• Compensating for Temperature Drift in Circuits: Many electronic components (resistors, capacitors, inductors, semiconductors) have characteristics that change with temperature. NTC thermistors can be used in circuits to compensate for these changes, ensuring stable performance over a wide temperature range.
   

   
• Quartz Crystal Oscillators: NTC thermistors are used to compensate for the temperature-dependent frequency of quartz crystals, ensuring accurate timekeeping in electronic devices.
   
• LCD Brightness Control: Used to compensate for the temperature-dependent brightness of LCD displays.
   
• Battery Voltage Compensation: In battery monitoring systems, NTC thermistors help compensate for temperature-induced voltage variations, allowing for more accurate state-of-charge estimations.
   

3. Inrush Current Limiting:

• Power Supplies: Large disc NTC thermistors (power thermistors or inrush current limiters - ICLs) are placed in series with the power input of devices like switch-mode power supplies, LED drivers, and motor controllers. Their high resistance at startup limits the initial surge of current that can occur when capacitors charge. As the thermistor heats up due to the current flow, its resistance drops significantly, allowing normal operation with minimal power loss.
   
• Motor Soft Start: Used to limit the high starting currents of electric motors, reducing stress on the motor and power system.
   
• Lighting Ballasts: Limiting inrush current in fluorescent, halogen, and projector lamps.
   

4. Battery Monitoring and Protection:

• Battery Management Systems (BMS): NTC thermistors are crucial components in BMS for monitoring the temperature of battery cells during charging and discharging. This prevents overheating or overcooling, which can damage the battery, reduce its lifespan, or pose safety risks like thermal runaway.
   

   
• Optimizing Charging Rates: The BMS uses temperature data from NTC thermistors to adjust charging currents and voltages to ensure safe and efficient charging within the battery's specified temperature range.
   
• Preventing Over-Discharge: Temperature information can also be used to adjust discharge rates to prevent damage at low temperatures.